Hypholoma fasciculare
Mushroom fungi: tiny, red, growing in the leaf litter and moss
Mushroom fungi: Mycena sp?, growing in leaf litter
Aleurina ferruginea
Vital part of the ecosystem
Fungi are probably the largest group of living organisms in the Edward Hunter Heritage Bush Reserve and also one of the most important to the ecosystem.
They form beneficial relationships with eucalypts, wattles and orchids, for example, in symbiotic mycorrhizal relationships. Basically, the fungus gains access to carbohydrates and the tree gains access to essential nutrients through their connection. This symbiotic relationship means that maintaining healthy green plants results in conserving diversity in fungi and vice versa. About 90% of plants form mycorrhiza.
They do cause disease in plants and there are parasites that consume insects and plants. Fungi also recycle nutrients into the ecosystem by breaking down wood. Different fungi have a preference for different wood types – which is why it’s important to maintain a diversity of wood types and ages – and fungi are among a very small number of species that can break down the cellulose and lignin in wood.
The wood decay function of saprophytic fungi has an important role in providing habitat for other creatures; for example, creating hollows for birds and arboreal mammals in living trees or leading to coarse woody debris on the forest floor that can create microclimates for ground dwelling species.
Fungi also provide food for mammals, insects and birds. In turn, fungal spores are spread elsewhere.
Action of brown rot fungi. Cellulose has been degraded, leaving lignin. Produces a blocky, crumbly structure.
Action of white rot which removes lignin: bleached, stringy wood remains – and action of brown rot which degrades cellulose: blocky, crumbly wood remains
Fungi foray
A survey of the various larger fungi appearing in the Reserve this year (2013), mainly between May and June and into July, is presented below.
Fungi have been sorted into types in order to recognise and identify them in the field. The various forms of fungus ā that is, cups and discs, boletes, brackets, leathers, tooth fungi, corals, jellys, puffballs, and gilled agaricsā are the fruits of spreading roots or threads (hyphae) into a mass (mycelium) in the soil or the wood in which the fungus is growing.
This typology follows that established by various authorities to help people recognise fungi. See, for example, the Australian National Botanical Gardens and Australian National Herbarium fungi site, Bill Leithheadās Fungi site as well as the publications below.
Field Naturalists Club of Victoria (2012) The Fungi CD: Fungi in Australia, 3rd Ed. FNCV Fungi Group: Blackburn
Fuhrer, B. (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne
Grey, P. & Grey, E. (2005) Fungi down under: the Fungimap guide to Australian fungi. Fungimap: South Yarra
Identification of the fungi has been conducted by amateurs, with the guidance of Bill Leithhead and others as they were able, as well as reference to the publications above. All errors, however, remain the responsibility of this site.
Please Contact Us to advise where errors have occurred and if you might offer identification.
To see the images more clearly, simply click on them.
Types of fungi
Cups/ discs
These fungi are ascomycetes, one of two divisions in the fungi family (eumycota).
In these cases, spores are produced from the top surface of the fungi. These are saprotrophic.
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Cheilymenia raripila growing on herbivore dung
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Cheilymenia raripila
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Discinella terrestris
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Discinella terrestris
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Discinella terrestris
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Aleurina ferruginea
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Aleurina ferruginea
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Unidentified cup fungi
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Aleurina ferruginea
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Peziza ps.
Pins
Spores are produced on the head of the fungi and these are also saprotrophic.
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Jellybaby: Leotia lubrica, saprotrophic
The following fungi are basidiomycetes, the second division in the fungi family (eumycota).
Boletes
These fungi have a fleshy texture and have pores underneath from which spores are produced. They’re also referred to as polypores. These are generally saprotrophic.
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Boletus aff. satanus
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Boletus aff. satanus
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Boletellus emodensis
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Boletellus emodensis
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Phlebopus marginatus
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Phlebopus marginatus
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Phlebopus marginatus
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Boletellus emodensis
Brackets
These have a woodier texture, and are polypores. These are generally saprotrophic. ‘White punk’, though, for example, is parasitic, growing on live wood and leading to heart rot.
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Panellus pusillus, “Little Ping-pong Bats”
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Panellus pusillus, “Little Ping-pong Bats”
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Piptoporus australiensis, ‘Curry punk’
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Laetiporus portentosus, “White Punk”
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Australoporus tasmanicus
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Australoporus tasmanicus
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Stereum ostrea, ‘Golden curtain crust’
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Phellinus sp.
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Phellinus sp.
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Postia pelliculosa
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Postia pelliculosa
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Postia pelliculosa
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Pycnoporus coccineus, “Scarlet bracket”
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Pycnoporus coccineus
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Pycnoporus coccineus, “Scarlet Bracket”
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Pycnoporus coccineus?
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Rigidoporus laetus
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Bracket: Hexagonia sp., top view
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Bracket: Hexagonia sp., view underneath
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Unidentified bracket fungi: woody, pored undersurface
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Polypore on living peppermint- underside shown on next image
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Aged underside of polypore bracket
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Polypore, on living eucalypt -see undersurface next image
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Underside of polypore bracket
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Unidenitifed bracket fungus: woody, polypore
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Pycnoporus coccineus, growing on downed acacia
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Bracket fungi found on downed tea tree trunk
Leathers
These fungi have a tough, leathery surface and the spore producing underside is usually smooth or wrinkled. These are saprotrophic.
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Stereum hirsutum group, “Hairy curtain crust”
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Byssomerulius corium
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Stereum ostrea, “Golden curtain crust”
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Stereum ostrea, “Golden curtain crust”
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Trametes versicolour
Tooth fungi
These have a leathery texture with spines or teeth on the under surface, as illustrated in the first image below. Spores are produced from these teeth on the under-surface. These are saprotrophic. The final images show fungi with caps and a toothed undersurface.
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Hydnellum sp. See toothed undersurface of fungus in lower portion.
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Hydnellum sp.?
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Hydnellum species
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Hydnellum species
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Toothed fungi, unidentified
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Hydnum repandum – see underside in following image
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Hydnum repandum (mycorrhizal in this case), toothed underside
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Hydnum repandum – mycorrhizal with eucalypts
Corals
These fungi are coral shaped and fleshy. Their spores are produced on the entire upper surface. These are generally mycorrhizal but some are saprotrophic.
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Ramaria lorithamnus
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Ramaria ochraceosalmonicolor
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Clavulina cristata
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Clavulina subrugosa?
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Clavulina cristata
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Clavulina vinaceocervina
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Clavaria sp.
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Clavaria sp.
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Unidentified: possible coral/ club fungus
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Clavaria miniata, “Flame fungus”
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Coral fungus, Ramaria sp.?
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Possibly Ramaria ochraceosalmonicolor
Jellies
The texture of these fungi is jelly-like or rubbery. The spores are produced on the outside surface. These are generally saprotrophic. However, some are also parasitic with other fungi using rotting wood.
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Tremella group – perhaps fimbriata;
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Tremella fuciformis
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Tremella fuciformis (July 2011)
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Tremella encephala
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Tremella globispora
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Calocera sinensis group
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Calocera sinensis group
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Calocera sinensis group
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Tremella fuciformis
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Golden Jelly Bells, Heterotextus miltinus: saprotrophic
Puffballs
In these fungi, spores are enclosed in a sac and released when they are mature. These below are mycorrhizal with eucalyptus species (with the exception of Morganella pyriformis, which is saprotrophic.)
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Pisolithus albus, “Horse Dung Fungus”
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Pisolithus albus
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Pisolithus albus, at maturity
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Morganella pyriformis? Saprotrophic.
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Scleroderma cepa
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Scleroderma cepa
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Scleroderma cepa – at maturity
Gilled agarics
These are fleshy, mushroom-shaped fungi with spore-bearing gills under their caps. These are mycorrizal, saprotrophic (usually growing out of wood) and parasitic.
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Unidentified – possibly Mycena sp.
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Entoloma sp.
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Unidentified
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Unidentified
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Unidentified
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Unidentified – possibly Mycena sp.
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Coprinus disseminatus
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Coprinus disseminatus
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Coprinellus disseminatus
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Coprinus disseminatus
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Possibly Mycena yuulongicola
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Termitomyces striatus
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Possibly Mycena yuulongicola
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Mycena aff. atrata
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Unidentified – possibly Mycena sp.
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Possibly Lepiota sp.
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Possibly Mycena carmeliana
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Possibly Mycena fumosa
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Conchomyces bursiformis
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Tricholoma sp.
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Tricholoma sp.
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Tricholoma sp.
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Mycena cystidiosa
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Amanita grisella group
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Unidentified
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Unidentified
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Unidentified
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Unidentified
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Unidentified
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Unidentified
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Unidentified
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Unidentified
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Unidentified
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Unidentified
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Unidentified
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Unidentified
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Unidentified
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Unidentified – possibly Mycena sp.
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Unidentified
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Unidentified
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Unidentified
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Unidentified
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Unidentified
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Possibly Pleurotus sp.
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Unidentified -see accompanying image of gills
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Unidentified – see accompanying image of cap
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Unidentified
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Unidentified
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Russula neerimea
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Hebeloma sp.
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Unidentified – possibly Mycena sp.
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Coprinellus sp.
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Galerina sp.
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Mycena sp.?
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Marasmius elegans
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Unidentified
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Unidentified
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Possibly Mycena fumosa
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Possibly Mycena fumosa
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Crepidotus nephrodes
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repidotus nephrodes
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Mycena nivalis
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Marasmius alveolaris
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Rhizomorphs associated with Mycena cystidiosa
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Unidentified: tiny, fan like
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Unidentifed: mycena sp?
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Possibly Lepiota sp.
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Mycena paringa
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Mycena albidocapillaris?
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Mycena sp.
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Unidentified – mycena sp?
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Unidentified- mycena sp?
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Unidentifed: mycena sp?
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Unidentified fungus
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Unidentified – possibly Mycena sp.
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Mycena kuurkacea
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Mycena kuurkacea
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Mycena kuurkacea
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Mycena kuurkacea
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Unidentified
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Possibly Campanella sp.
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Unidentified – possibly Mycena sp.
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Crepitodus variabilis
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Russula sp.
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Hypholoma australe, “Brick caps”
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Russula rosacea
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Russula persanguinea
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Russula persanguinea
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Unidentified – possibly Russula sp.
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Dermocybe sp.
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Cruentomycena viscidocruenta
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Perhaps a Hygrocybe?
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Dermocybe sp. sanguinea ?
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Dermocybe sp. sanguinea ?;
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Mycena subgalericulata
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Possibly Mycena sp.
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Unidentified – possibly Mycena sp.
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Unidentified (presumed agaric)
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Russula sp.
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Cortinarius sp.
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Clitocybe clitocyboides
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Unidentified
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Collybia eucalyptorum
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Collybia eucalyptorum
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Collybia eucalyptorum
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Flammunlina (collybia) velutipes
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Crepidotus eucalyptorum
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Hypholoma fasciculare
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Unidentified
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Cortinarius sp.
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Unidentified – see matching image for stem
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Unidentified – see matching image of caps of older versions
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Unidentified
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Unidentified
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Unidentified
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Unidentified
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Hypholoma australe, “Brick caps”
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Laccaria sp.
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Laccaria sp.
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Laccaria canaliculata
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Laccaria canaliculata
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Podoserpula pusio (chanterelle)
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Unidentified
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Possibly Gymnopilus ferruginosus
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Unidentified
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Gymnopilus allantopus
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Unidentified
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Unidentified
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Unidentified
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Unidentified
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Unidentified
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Austropaxillus infundibuliformis (chanterelle)
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Austropaxillus infundibuliformis (chanterelle)
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Unidentified – fungi group on right
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Rickenella fibula
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Rickenella fibula
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Galerina hypnorum group
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Cantharellus concinnus
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Cortinarius sinapicolor
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Unidentified
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Unidentified
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Unidentified
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Unidentified
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Unidentified
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Unidentified
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Unidentified
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Laccaria sp.
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Laccaria sp.
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Amanita xanthocephala
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Amanita xanthocephala
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Amanita xanthocephala
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Amanita xanthocephala
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Unidentified
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Unidentified
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Possibly Cortinarius rotundisporus. Note blue cast on cap.
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Russula flocktoniae
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Unidentified – see matching underside
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Unidentified – see matching image of cap
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Omphalina umbellifera
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Omphalina chromacea (chanterelle)
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Galerina hypnorum
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Galerina hypnorum
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Austropaxillus infundibuliformis (chanterelle)
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Austropaxillus infundibuliformis (chanterelle)
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Omphalina chromacea – now Lichenomphalia chromacea
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Omphalina chromacea – now Lichenomphalia chromacea
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Dermocybe austroveneta – now Cortinarius austrovenetus
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Dermocybe austroveneta – now Cortinarius austrovenetus
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Dermocybe austroveneta – now Cortinarius austrovenetus
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Dermocybe austroveneta – now Cortinarius austrovenetus
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Dermocybe austroveneta – now Cortinarius austrovenetus
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Russula clelandii;
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Possible Cortinarius rotundisporus – see matching image with gills on display
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Possibly Cortinarius rotundisporus – see matching image of younger cap
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Russula clelandii
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Cortinarius archeri
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Cortinarius archeri
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Cortinarius archeri
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Cortinarius archeri
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Cortinarius archeri
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Cortinarius archeri;
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Cortinarius species aff.violaceus
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Cortinarius species aff.violaceus
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Unidentified
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Unidentified – possibly Mycena sp.
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Unidentified – possibly Mycena sp.
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Possibly Mycena marangania
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Unidentified – possible Mycena sp.
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Unidentified – possibly Mycena sp.
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Mycena albidofusca
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Unidentified
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Unidentified – possibly Mycena sp.
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Unidentified
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Unidentified
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Inocybe australiensis
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Inocybe australiensis
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Unidentified
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Unidentified
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Armillaria luteobubalina, Australian honey fungus
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Unidentified (chanterelle)
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Entoloma albidicoeruleum
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Unidentified
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Probably aged Armillaria luteobubalina
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Unidentified
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Unidentified – possibly Cortinarius sp.
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Amanita sp.
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Cortinarius erythraeus
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Inocybe australiensis
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Hypholoma aurantiaca
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Possible Cortinarius sp.
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Possible Cortinarius sp.
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Possible Cortinarius sp. (upper)
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Unidentified
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Unidentified – possibly Mycena sp.
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Unidentified
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Unidentified
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Unidentified
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Unidentified
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Possibly Mycena mulawaestris
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Possibly Mycena mulawaestris
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Unidentified
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Xerula australis, “Rooting shank”
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Possibly Mycena mulawaestris